Discover how mise en scène – the subtle backdrop of each scene – unlocks deeper insights into characters, emotions, and hidden meanings.
Mise en scène is a key element in the analysis of films, especially in a semiotic approach. It constitutes a set of visual signs that can be interpreted by the viewer and translated into deeper meanings. In semiotic analysis, each element of the film image – from the set design to the lighting – functions as a sign. Together, these elements make up the visual code of the film. Each such sign has a denotation (direct meaning) and a connotation (subsidiary, culturally and emotionally charged meanings). This duality opens up the field to rich interpretations.
It is a term /ˌmiːz ɒn ˈsɛn/ derived from the French language, which literally means ‘placing on stage’. In the context of filmmaking, theatre and photography, it refers to all the visual and spatial elements that make up the composition of an image or scene. It therefore includes, among others, set design, costumes, props, lighting, actors’ movement and gestures, i.e. everything that contributes to the atmosphere, aesthetics and meaning of a scene.
Example of mise en scène
In The Godfather (1972), for example, Francis Ford Coppola uses the symbolism of light and shadow to suggest the moral ambiguities of the characters. The dark lighting around the mafia characters signals their lives in hiding, their propensity for violence and corruption. In a semiotic context, the shadow becomes an icon of sin and criminality. At the same time, it serves as an index, indicating to the viewer that these characters operate in a morally complex sphere. This dual role enriches the narrative by highlighting the characters’ ethical dilemmas.
Visual language
In semiotics, the analysis of staging focuses on signs such as costumes that can act as symbols – for example, police uniforms or suits can symbolize power and authority. This example shows how, through the symbolic use of props and clothing, filmmakers can convey deeper content about characters’ personalities or social status.
A syntagmatic and paradigmatic analysis of mise en scène reveals how the different elements of a composition juxtapose (syntagmatic). It also shows how these elements influence interpretation through contrast with alternative choices (paradigmatic). Therefore, in semiotic analysis, we view mise en scène not only as a background. It serves as an active visual language that communicates ideas. Additionally, it reinforces the narrative and creates multi-layered meanings for the viewer.